chromatography, wanda kuma aka sani da "chromatographic analysis", "chromatography", hanya ce ta rabuwa da bincike, wacce ke da fa'ida ta aikace-aikace masu yawa a cikin ilmin sinadarai, sinadarai, sinadarai, biochemistry da sauran fannoni.
Wanda ya kafa chromatography ɗan ƙasar Rasha masanin ilmin halitta M.Tsvetter ne.A shekara ta 1906, masanin kiwo na Rasha Zvetter ya buga sakamakon gwajinsa: Domin ya ware kayan lambun shuka, ya zuba man petroleum ether da ke dauke da alatun shuka a cikin bututun gilashin da ke dauke da sinadarin calcium carbonate foda kuma ya fitar da shi da man petroleum ether daga sama zuwa kasa.Saboda daban-daban pigments suna da daban-daban adsorption capacency a saman na calcium carbonate barbashi, tare da aiwatar da leaching, daban-daban pigments gangara da daban-daban gudun, ta haka kafa makada na launi daban-daban.An raba abubuwan da aka gyara pigment.Ya sanya wa wannan hanyar rabuwa suna chromatography.
Misalin tsari na gwajin rarrabuwar launin launi na ganye
Tare da ci gaba da haɓaka hanyoyin rabuwa, abubuwa da yawa marasa launi sun zama abin rabuwa, chromatography kuma a hankali ya rasa ma'anar "launi", amma har yanzu ana amfani da sunan a yau.
Rarraba chromatographic
Ma'anar chromatography tsari ne wanda kwayoyin da za a raba su ke rarraba su kuma daidaita su tsakanin lokaci na tsaye da lokacin wayar hannu.Abubuwa daban-daban sun rabu daban-daban a tsakanin matakan biyu, wanda ke sa su tafiya cikin sauri daban-daban tare da tsarin wayar hannu.Tare da motsi na lokacin wayar hannu, sassa daban-daban a cikin cakuda sun rabu da juna akan lokaci na tsaye.Dangane da tsarin, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'i-nau'i iri-iri.
1, bisa ga rarrabuwar yanayin yanayin jiki mai kashi biyu
Lokacin wayar hannu: chromatography gas, chromatography na ruwa, chromatography ruwa mai zurfi
Tsawon lokaci: gas-m, gas-ruwa;Liquid-m, ruwa-ruwa
2, bisa ga nau'in rarrabuwar lokaci a tsaye
Rukunin chromatography: cushe chromatography, chromatography shafi na capillary, micropacked shafi chromatography, shirye-shirye chromatography
chromatography jirgin: takarda chromatography, bakin ciki Layer chromatography, polymer membrane chromatography
3, rarraba bisa ga tsarin rabuwa
Adsorption chromatography: An raba sassa daban-daban bisa ga adsorption da ikon lalata akan masu talla.
Rarraba chromatography: An raba sassa daban-daban bisa ga solubility a cikin sauran ƙarfi
chromatography keɓance kwayoyin halitta: gwargwadon girman girman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na rabuwa ln ion musanya chromatography: sassa daban-daban na kusanci don rabuwar resin ion-exchange
Affinity chromatography: Rabuwa ta amfani da kasancewar takamaiman alaƙa tsakanin macromolecules na halitta
Capillary electrophoresis: an raba abubuwan da aka gyara bisa ga bambance-bambance a cikin motsi da / ko halayyar bangare
Ana amfani da chromatography na Chiral don rabuwa da bincike na magungunan chiral, wanda za'a iya raba zuwa kashi uku: hanyar reagent reagent chiral;Hanyar ƙari lokaci na wayar hannu;Hanyar ƙudurin lokaci mai tsayi
Kalmomin asali don chromatography
Maɓallin da aka samu ta hanyar ƙirƙira siginonin amsawa na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa bayan gano rabuwar chromatographic da lokaci ana kiran su chromatograms.
Tushen:A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na chromatographic, lanƙwan siginar da aka haifar lokacin da lokacin wayar hannu kawai ke wucewa ta tsarin ganowa ana kiransa tushe, kamar yadda aka nuna a layin ot.Lokacin da yanayin gwaji ya tsaya tsayin daka, ginshiƙi ya kasance layi mai layi ɗaya da axis a kwance.Tushen yana nuna hayaniyar kayan aiki, galibi mai ganowa, akan lokaci.
Tsawon tsayi:nisa a tsaye tsakanin wurin kololuwar chromatographic da tushe, wanda h ke nunawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a layin AB.
Fadin yanki:Faɗin yanki na kololuwar chromatographic yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da haɓakar rabuwa.Akwai hanyoyi guda uku don bayyana girman kololuwar chromatographic: daidaitaccen karkata σ, mafi girman nisa W, da FWHM W1/2.
Daidaitaccen karkata (σ):σ shine rabin nisa tsakanin maki biyu na jujjuyawa akan madaidaicin rarraba na yau da kullun, kuma ƙimar σ yana nuna matakin tarwatsa abubuwan da ke nesa da ginshiƙi.Girman darajar σ, mafi yawan tarwatsa abubuwan da aka lalata, kuma mafi muni tasirin rabuwa.Sabanin haka, abubuwan da aka lalata suna da hankali kuma tasirin rabuwa yana da kyau.
Mafi girman faɗin W:Ana amfani da wuraren haɗin kai a bangarorin biyu na kololuwar chromatographic azaman layukan tangent, kuma tsangwama a kan tushe ana kiransa nisa mafi girma, ko faɗin tushe, wanda kuma za'a iya bayyana shi azaman W, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto IJ.Dangane da ka'idar rarraba ta al'ada, ana iya tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin faɗin kololuwa da daidaitaccen karkatacciyar hanya ta zama W=4σ.
W1/2:Mafi girman nisa a rabin tsayin tsayi ana kiransa FWHM, kamar yadda aka nuna don nisa na GH.W1/2=2.355σ, W=1.699W1/2.
W1/2, W duka an samo su ne daga σ kuma ana amfani da su don ƙididdige wuraren kololuwa ban da auna tasirin shafi.Ma'aunin FWHM ya fi dacewa kuma galibi ana amfani dashi.
taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani
Daga ƙwanƙolin fitowar chromatographic, ana iya cimma maƙasudai masu zuwa:
a, An gudanar da bincike mai inganci bisa ƙimar riƙon kololuwar chromatographic
b, ƙididdigar ƙididdiga bisa ga yanki ko kololuwar kololuwar chromatographic
C. An ƙididdige ingancin rabuwa na ginshiƙi bisa ga ƙimar riƙewa da mafi girman faɗin kololuwar chromatographic
Ƙididdigar lissafin da ke cikin chromatography
1. Tsayawa darajar
Ƙimar riƙewa siga ce da aka yi amfani da ita don bayyana matakin da ake riƙe samfurin sashin a cikin ginshiƙi kuma ana amfani da shi azaman mai nuna alamar chromatographic.Hanyar wakilcinta ita ce kamar haka:
Lokacin riƙewa tR
Lokacin mutuwatM
Daidaita lokacin riƙewa tR'=tR-tM
(Jimlar lokacin da aka kashe a cikin lokaci mai tsayi)
Girman riƙewa
VR=tR*F.(mai zaman kansa na saurin lokaci na wayar hannu)
Mataccen girma
VM=tM*Fc
(Sararin da ba ya shagaltar da lokacin tsayawa a cikin hanyar kwarara daga injector zuwa mai ganowa)
Daidaita ƙarar riƙewa VR'= da R*Fc
2. Ƙimar riƙewar dangi
Ƙimar riƙewar dangi, wanda kuma aka sani da ƙimar rabuwa, rabon rabon rabo ko ma'aunin ƙarfin dangi, shine rabon daidaitawar lokacin riƙewa (ƙarar) na abin da aka gwada zuwa daidaitaccen lokacin riƙewa (girma) na ma'auni ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na chromatographic.
An yi amfani da ƙimar riƙewa na dangi don kawar da tasirin wasu yanayin aiki, kamar ƙimar kwarara da asarar gyarawa, akan ƙimar riƙewa.Ma'auni a cikin ƙimar riƙewar dangi na iya zama sashi a cikin samfurin da aka gwada ko wani fili da aka ƙara ta wucin gadi.
3. Ma'anar riƙewa
Ma'anar riƙewa shine alamar riƙewa na abu i da za a gwada a cikin tsayayyen bayani X. An zaɓi n-alanes guda biyu azaman abubuwan tunani, ɗayan yana da N carbon number kuma ɗayan yana da N + n.Daidaitaccen lokacin riƙewar su shine t'r (N) da t'r (N+n), don haka daidai lokacin da aka daidaita t'r (i) na abin da za a gwada shi daidai ne a tsakanin su, wato; da (N).
Za'a iya ƙididdige ma'aunin riƙewa kamar haka.
4. Matsalolin iyawa (k)
A ma'auni, rabon adadin wani abu a cikin lokaci (s) na tsaye zuwa lokacin wayar hannu (m), wanda ake kira ƙarfin ƙarfin aiki.Tsarin tsari shine kamar haka:
5. Partition coefficient (K) A cikin ma'auni, da rabo daga cikin taro na wani bangaren a tsaye lokaci (s) zuwa mobile lokaci (m), da ake kira partition coefficient.Tsarin tsari shine kamar haka
Dangantaka tsakanin K da k:
Yana nuna nau'in ginshiƙi da kulli masu mahimmancin kaddarorin tsari
taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani
Dangantaka tsakanin ƙimar riƙewa da ma'aunin ƙarfin aiki da haɗin kai:
Rabuwar Chromatographic ya dogara ne akan bambanci a cikin adsorption ko ikon rushe kowane bangare a cikin ƙayyadaddun samfurin dangi, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi da ƙima ta girman ƙimar rabon rabon K (ko ƙarfin factor k).
Abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da ƙarfi adsorption ko ikon narkar da su suna da babban adadin rabo (ko factor factor) da dogon lokacin riƙewa.Sabanin haka, abubuwan da ke da rauni mai rauni ko solubility suna da ƙaramin juzu'i da ɗan gajeren lokacin riƙewa.
Ka'idar asali na chromatography
1. Ka'idar tire
(1) Sanya gaba -- ka'idar thermodynamic
An fara da samfurin farantin hasumiyar da Martin da Synge suka gabatar.
Rushewar juzu'i: a cikin tire don lokuta da yawa na ma'aunin ruwan-gas, bisa ga wurin tafasa na rabuwa daban-daban.
Rukunin: Abubuwan da aka haɗa suna daidaita su ta hanyar ɓangarorin da yawa tsakanin matakan biyu kuma an raba su bisa ga maɓalli daban-daban.
(2) hasashe
(1) Akwai tireloli da yawa a cikin ginshiƙi, kuma abubuwan da aka gyara za su iya kaiwa ga daidaiton rarraba da sauri a cikin tazarar tire (wato tsayin tire).
(2) Tsarin wayar hannu yana shiga cikin ginshiƙi, ba ci gaba ba amma yana jujjuyawa, wato, kowane sashe juzu'i ne.
(3) Lokacin da aka ƙara samfurin zuwa kowane farantin ginshiƙi, za a iya watsi da yaduwar samfurin tare da axis na ginshiƙi.
(4) Matsakaicin rabo daidai yake akan duk tire, mai zaman kansa daga adadin abubuwan da aka gyara.Wato ma'auni na partition yana dawwama akan kowane taban.
(3) Ka'ida
Tsarin tsari na ka'idar tire
Idan an ƙara wani ɓangaren naúrar mass, wato m=1 (misali, 1mg ko 1μg), a cikin tire mai lamba 0, da kuma bayan rarraba ma'auni, saboda k=1, wato ns=nm, nm=ns=0.5.
Lokacin da adadin farantin (lΔV) na iskar gas ya shiga cikin farantin 0 a cikin nau'i na bugun jini, ana tura iskar gas mai dauke da bangaren nm a cikin gas lokaci zuwa farantin 1. A wannan lokacin, bangaren ns a cikin ruwa na farantin 0. kuma za a sake rarraba bangaren nm a cikin gas na farantin karfe 1 a tsakanin sassan biyu.Sabili da haka, jimlar adadin abubuwan da ke cikin farantin 0 shine 0.5, wanda iskar gas da ruwa sune kowane 0.25, kuma adadin adadin da ke cikin farantin 1 shima 0.5 ne.Hanyoyin iskar gas da ruwa kuma sun kasance 0.25.
Ana maimaita wannan tsari a duk lokacin da sabon iskar gas mai ɗaukar faranti ya juye cikin ginshiƙi (duba tebur a ƙasa).
(4)Chromatographic ma'auni mai lanƙwasa mai fita
σ shine daidaitaccen daidaituwa, shine lokacin riƙewa, C shine maida hankali a kowane lokaci,
C, shine maida hankali na allura, wato, jimlar adadin abubuwan da aka gyara (yankin kololuwar A).
(5) ma'aunin ingancin shafi
A tR akai-akai, ƙarami W ko w 1/2 (wato mafi ƙanƙanta ganiya), mafi girman adadin faranti na ka'idar n, ƙarami tsayin farantin ka'idar, kuma mafi girman ingancin rabuwa na ginshiƙi.Haka abin yake ga ingantaccen ka'idar tray neff.Don haka, ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga na tire shine fihirisa don kimanta ingancin ginshiƙai.
(5)Halaye da gazawa
> Fa'idodi
Ka'idar tire tana da cikakken tasiri kuma tana bayyana sifar madaidaicin fita
An kwatanta tsarin rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa na sassan
An gabatar da fihirisa don kimanta ingancin ginshiƙi
> Iyakoki
Abubuwan da aka gyara ba za su iya isa ga ma'aunin rarraba ba da gaske a cikin matakai biyu:
Ba za a iya yin watsi da watsawar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na tsawon lokaci ba:
Ba a yi la'akari da tasirin abubuwan motsa jiki daban-daban akan tsarin canja wurin taro ba.
Ba za a iya bayyana alaƙar tasirin shafi da saurin tafiyar lokaci na wayar hannu ba:
Ba a bayyana abin da manyan abubuwan da ke shafar tasirin shafi ba
Ana magance waɗannan matsalolin cikin gamsuwa a ka'idar ƙimar.
2. Ka'idar Rate
A cikin 1956, masanin Dutch VanDeemter et al.ya mamaye tunanin ka'idar tire, kuma ya haɗu da abubuwan motsa jiki da suka shafi tsayin tire, sun gabatar da ka'idar tsarin chromatographic - ka'idar ƙimar, kuma ta samo ma'aunin VanDeemter.Yana ɗaukar tsarin chromatographic azaman tsari mai ƙarfi mara daidaituwa kuma yana nazarin tasirin abubuwan motsa jiki akan faɗaɗa kololuwa (watau tasirin shafi).
Daga baya, Giddings da Snyder et al.ya ba da shawarar lissafin lissafin chromatography na ruwa (wato Giddings equation) bisa ga ma'aunin VanDeemter (daga baya ana kiran ma'aunin ƙimar chromatography gas) kuma bisa ga bambancin dukiya tsakanin ruwa da gas.
(1) Van Deemter equation
Inda: H: shine tsayin allo
A: daidaitaccen lokacin watsawar eddy
B: daidaitaccen lokacin yaduwar kwayoyin halitta
C: ƙididdiga na jimlar juriya na juriya
(2) Giddings equation
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga
(1) Nazari mai inganci
Ƙwararren chromatographic bincike shine don ƙayyade mahadi da kowane kololuwar chromatographic ke wakilta.Tunda abubuwa daban-daban suna da tabbataccen ƙimar riƙewa a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗan chromatographic, ƙimar riƙewar za a iya amfani da ita azaman ma'auni mai inganci.Daban-daban hanyoyin ƙwararrun chromatographic a halin yanzu suna dogara ne akan ƙimar riƙewa.
Koyaya, abubuwa daban-daban na iya samun kamanceceniya ko ƙima iri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin yanayin chromatographic iri ɗaya, wato, ƙimar riƙewa ba keɓantacce bane.Don haka yana da wahala a siffata samfurin gaba ɗaya wanda ba a san shi ba dangane da ƙimar riƙewa kaɗai.Idan bisa ga fahimtar tushen, yanayi da manufar samfurin, za a iya yanke hukunci na farko na abun da ke cikin samfurin, kuma za a iya amfani da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don ƙayyade fili wanda ke wakiltar mafi girman chromatographic.
1. Gudanar da inganci ta amfani da abubuwa masu tsabta
Ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na chromatographic, abin da ba a sani ba yana da ƙayyadadden lokacin riƙewa kawai.Sabili da haka, ana iya gano abin da ba a sani ba da kyau ta hanyar kwatanta lokacin riƙewa na abin da aka sani mai tsabta a ƙarƙashin yanayin chromatographic iri ɗaya tare da lokacin riƙewa na abin da ba a sani ba.Idan su biyun daya ne, abin da ba a san shi ba yana iya zama sanannen tsaftataccen abu;In ba haka ba, abin da ba a sani ba ba shine abu mai tsabta ba.
Hanyar sarrafa abu mai tsafta tana aiki ne kawai ga abin da ba a sani ba wanda aka san abin da ke tattare da shi, wanda abun da ke ciki ya kasance mai sauƙi, kuma an san ainihin abin da ke ciki.
2. Hanyar ƙimar ƙimar dangi
Ƙimar riƙewar dangi α, tana nufin daidaitawa tsakanin sashi i da kayan ma'anar Ratio na ƙimar riƙewa:
Yana canzawa kawai tare da canjin gyarawa da zafin jiki, kuma ba shi da alaƙa da sauran yanayin aiki.
A wani lokaci na tsaye da zafin ginshiƙi, ana auna madaidaitan ƙimar riƙewa na bangaren i da abubuwan da ake tunani s bi da bi, sannan a lissafta bisa ga dabarar da ke sama.Ƙimar riƙewar dangi da aka samu za a iya kwatanta ta da inganci tare da daidaitattun dabi'u a cikin wallafe-wallafe.
3, ƙara sanannun abubuwa don haɓaka hanyar tsayi kololuwa
Lokacin da akwai abubuwa da yawa a cikin samfurin da ba a sani ba, kololuwar chromatographic da aka samu sun yi yawa don a sauƙaƙe gano su ta hanyar da ke sama, ko lokacin da samfurin da ba a sani ba kawai ana amfani da shi don ƙayyadaddun abu da aka ƙayyade.
"Da farko an yi chromatogram na samfurin da ba a sani ba, sannan kuma ana samun ƙarin chromatogram ta ƙara wani abu da aka sani zuwa samfurin da ba a sani ba."Abubuwan da ke da ƙãra tsayin tsayi za a iya san su don irin waɗannan abubuwa.
4. Riƙe hanyar ingancin ma'auni
Fihirisar riƙewa tana wakiltar halayen riƙe abubuwa akan masu gyarawa kuma a halin yanzu shine mafi yawan amfani da ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar duniya a cikin GC.Yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga mai kyau reproducibility, uniform misali da ƙananan zafin jiki coefficient.
Fihirisar riƙewa yana da alaƙa kawai da kaddarorin lokaci na tsaye da zafin jiki, amma ba ga wasu yanayin gwaji ba.Daidaiton sa da sake fasalin sa suna da kyau.Muddin zafin jiki na ginshiƙi ya kasance daidai da na lokacin tsayawa, ana iya amfani da ƙimar wallafe-wallafe don ganewa, kuma ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da kayan tsabta don kwatantawa.
(2) Binciken ƙididdiga
Tushen don ƙididdige ƙididdiga na chromatographic:
Ayyukan bincike na ƙididdigewa shine nemo ɗaruruwan abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin samfurin gauraye
Abun cikin juzu'i.Ƙididdigar chromatographic ya dogara ne akan masu zuwa: lokacin da yanayin aiki ya kasance daidai, ya kasance
An ƙayyade taro (ko maida hankali) na ɓangaren da aka auna ta hanyar siginar amsawa da mai ganowa ya bayar
Daidai ne.Wato:
Tushen don ƙididdige ƙididdiga na chromatographic:
Ayyukan bincike na ƙididdigewa shine nemo ɗaruruwan abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin samfurin gauraye
Abun cikin juzu'i.Ƙididdigar chromatographic ya dogara ne akan masu zuwa: lokacin da yanayin aiki ya kasance daidai, ya kasance
An ƙayyade taro (ko maida hankali) na ɓangaren da aka auna ta hanyar siginar amsawa da mai ganowa ya bayar
Daidai ne.Wato:
1. Hanyar aunawa kololuwa
Yankin kololuwa shine ainihin bayanan ƙididdigewa da chromatograms ke bayarwa, kuma daidaiton ma'aunin yanki kai tsaye yana rinjayar sakamakon ƙididdiga.An yi amfani da hanyoyin auna daban-daban don kololuwar chromatographic tare da siffofi kololu daban-daban.
Yana da wuya a sami ainihin ƙimar hunturu a cikin ƙididdiga masu yawa:
A gefe guda saboda wahalar auna daidai girman girman allura: a daya bangaren
Yankin kololuwar ya dogara da yanayin chromatographic, kuma yakamata a kiyaye tsiri na chromatographic lokacin da aka auna ƙimar.
Ba zai yiwu ba kuma ba dace a yi abu ɗaya ba.Kuma ko da za ku iya samun daidai
Madaidaicin ƙimar, kuma saboda babu ƙaƙƙarfan ma'auni kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye ba.
2.Maganin gyaran ƙima
Ma'anar ma'anar gyaran ƙididdiga: adadin abubuwan da ke shiga mai ganowa (m)
Matsakaicin mafi girman yanki na chromatographic (A) ko tsayi kololuwa () daidaitaccen daidaito ne (,
Matsakaicin daidaito ana kiransa cikakken gyare-gyaren yanayin.
Yana da wuya a sami ainihin ƙimar hunturu a cikin ƙididdiga masu yawa:
A gefe guda saboda wahalar auna daidai girman girman allura: a daya bangaren
Yankin kololuwar ya dogara da yanayin chromatographic, kuma yakamata a kiyaye tsiri na chromatographic lokacin da aka auna ƙimar.
Ba zai yiwu ba kuma ba dace a yi abu ɗaya ba.Kuma ko da za ku iya samun daidai
Madaidaicin ƙimar, kuma saboda babu ƙaƙƙarfan ma'auni kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi kai tsaye ba.
Wato, ma'aunin gyaran dangi na 'bangaren shine bangaren da abin da ake tunani s
Matsakaicin cikakkun abubuwan gyarawa.
Ana iya ganin cewa ma'anar gyaran gyare-gyaren dangi shine lokacin da ingancin abun da ke ciki ya bambanta da daidaitattun.
Lokacin da abu s ya zama daidai, mafi girman yanki na kayan tunani shine mafi girman yanki na bangaren
Da yawa.Idan wasu abubuwan suna da mass m da peak area A, sannan adadin f'A
Ƙimar suna daidai da mafi girman yanki na kayan tunani tare da taro na.Watau,
Ta hanyar ma'aunin gyare-gyare na dangi, ana iya raba wuraren kololuwar kowane bangare
An canza zuwa kololuwar yanki na kayan tunani daidai da yawan sa, sannan rabo
Ma'aunin ya haɗe.Don haka wannan ita ce hanyar da aka daidaita don gano adadin kowane bangare
Tushen yawa.
Hanyar samun yanayin gyare-gyare na dangi: an kwatanta ma'aunin gyare-gyaren dangi kawai tare da kasancewa
Ma'aunin yana da alaƙa da ma'auni da nau'in ganowa, amma ga tsiri na aiki
Ba komai.Don haka, ana iya dawo da ƙima daga nassoshi a cikin wallafe-wallafe.Idan rubutu
Idan ba za ku iya samun ƙimar da ake so a cikin hadaya ba, kuna iya tantance ta da kanku.Hanyar ƙaddara
Hanya: Ƙayyadaddun adadin abubuwan da aka auna guda goma zaɓaɓɓun abu → sanya su cikin wani takamaiman taro
An auna wuraren kololuwar chromatographic A da Kamar yadda na bangarorin biyu.
Wannan shine tsarin.
3. Hanyar lissafin ƙididdigewa
(1) Hanyar daidaita yanki
An ƙididdige jimlar abubuwan da ke cikin dukkan ɓangarorin da ba su da kololuwa a matsayin 100% don ƙididdigewa.
Ana kiran hanyar daidaitawa.Tsarin lissafinsa shine kamar haka:
Inda P,% shine adadin adadin abubuwan da aka gwada;A1, A2 ... A n shine bangaren 1. Yankin kololuwar 1 ~ n;f'1, f'2... f'n shine ma'aunin gyara dangi na sassa 1 zuwa n.
(2) Hanyar daidaitattun waje
Hanyar kwatanta ƙididdigar ƙididdiga tsakanin siginar amsawa na ɓangaren da za a gwada a cikin samfurin da kuma tsaftataccen abin da za a gwada a matsayin sarrafawa.
(3) Hanyar daidaitaccen ciki
Abin da ake kira hanyar daidaitattun ciki shine hanyar da za a ƙara wani nau'i mai tsabta a cikin daidaitaccen bayani na abin da aka gwada da kuma samfurin samfurin a matsayin ma'auni na ciki, sannan a bincika kuma a ƙayyade.
(3)daidaitaccen hanyar ƙari
Madaidaicin hanyar ƙari, wanda kuma aka sani da hanyar ƙari na ciki, shine ƙara takamaiman adadin (△C)
An ƙara ma'anar kayan gwajin zuwa samfurin samfurin da za a gwada, kuma an ƙara gwajin gwajin
Ƙwararrun samfurin samfurin bayan abu ya fi girma fiye da na asali samfurin bayani
An yi amfani da haɓakar yanki (△A) don ƙididdige yawan abubuwan da ke cikin maganin samfurin
Abun ciki (Cx)
Inda Ax shine mafi girman yanki na abun da za'a auna a ainihin samfurin.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 27-2023